All Issue

2025 Vol.52, Issue 3 Preview Page

Plant & Forest

Acute toxicity evaluation of herbicide-resistant transgenic chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.): Effect on Daphnia magna fed with herbicide-resistant transgenic chrysanthemum
Kyunglyung Baek1†
,
Ye Jin Jang1†
,
Eun Jung Suh1
,
Doh-Won Yun1
,
Jong-Chan Park1
,
Seong-Kon Lee1
,
Ancheol Chang1
,
Sung-Dug Oh1*
1Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea
*Corresponding Author
†These authors equally contributed to this study as first author.
1 September 2025. pp. 257-266
PDF XML Citation
Abstract

Herbicide resistant transgenic chrysanthemum was developed by inserting phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT, bar), a modified gene from the soil bacterium Streptomyces hygroscopicus, into the genome of a conventional variety of chrysanthemum (Peace copper). Herbicide resistant transgenic chrysanthemum used for the test was confirmed to express the PAT gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunostrip. The acute toxicity effect of herbicide-resistant transgenic chrysanthemum and non-genetically modified (non-GM) counterpart chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) on Daphnia magna was investigated at different concentrations (0, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg·L-1). Feeding tests were conducted with Daphnia magna to evaluate the environmental risk of transgenic chrysanthemum, including herbicide-resistant gene. Daphnia magna was fed 100% ground chrysanthemum suspension, herbicide-resistant chrysanthemum or non-GM chrysanthemum. As a result, the feeding test showed no significant differences in the cumulative immobility or abnormal response between Daphnia magna samples fed on herbicide-resistant chrysanthemum and non-GM chrysanthemum. The 48 h-EC50 (effective concentration 50) values of the non-GM chrysanthemum and herbicide-resistant chrysanthemum were 333.6 mg· L-1 (95% confidence limits: 211.4 - 526.2 mg·L-1) and 348.5 mg·L-1 (95% confidence limits: 228.1 - 532.5 mg·L-1), respectively. The chrysanthemum NOEC (no observed effect concentration) value for Daphnia magna was suggested to be 100 mg·L-1. Based on these results, there was no significant difference in toxicity for non-target organisms (Daphnia magna) between the herbicide-resistant chrysanthemum and non-GM counterparts.

Keywords
Daphnia magna
genetically modified (GM) chrysanthemum
herbicide resistance
risk assessment
References
1

Agbioinvestor. 2024. Global GM crop area review. Accessed in http://gm.agbioinvestor.com on 5 June 2024.

2

Aida R, Nagaya S, Yoshida K, Kishimoto S, Shibata M, Ohmiya A. 2005. Efficient transgene expression in chrysanthemum, Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat., with the promoter of a gene for tobacco elongation factor 1 α protein. JARQ 39:269-274.

10.6090/jarq.39.269
3

APHA (American Public Health Association), AWWA (American Water Works Association), WEF (Water Environment Federation). 2005. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (21st). APHA Press, Washington, DC. [Method 2320 B - Alkalinity by Titration with Standard Hydrochloric Acid]

4

Friberg-Jensen U, Nachman G, Thorbek P. 2010. Early signs of lethal effects in Daphnia magna (Branchiopoda, Cladocera) exposed to the insecticide cypermethrin and the fungicide azoxystrobin. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 29:2371-2377.

10.1002/etc.290
5

Hilbeck A, Bundschuh R, Bundschuh M, Hofmann F, Oehen B, Otto M, Schulz R, Trtikovay M. 2017. Procedure to select test organisms for environmental risk assessment of genetically modified crops in aquatic systems. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 13:974-979.

10.1002/ieam.1965
6

Jang YJ, Oh SD, Kim KM, Lee SK, Chang AC, Yun DW, Kim CM, Lee BK. 2024. Overexpression of CRK4, the cysteine-rich receptor-like protein kinase of Arabidopsis, regulates the resistance to abiotic stress and abscisic acid responses. Plant Biotechnology Reports 18:735-742.

10.1007/s11816-024-00926-0
7

Jang YJ, Yeo YJ, Suh EJ, Park JC, Lee SK, Yun DW, Chang AC, Kim SK, Oh SD. 2025. Acute toxicity evaluation to Cyprinus carpio of herbicide resistance transgenic chrysanthemum. Korean Journal of Agricultural Science 52:201-211. [in Korean]

10.7744/kjoas.520212
8

Kang CH, Yun SJ, Han BS, Han GJ, Lee KH, Choi JS, Shin YK. 2011. Development of salt-tolerant transgenic chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum) lines and bio-assay with a change of cell specificity. Journal of Plant Biotechnology 38:1-8. [in Korean]

10.5010/JPB.2011.38.1.001
9

KBCH (Korea Biosafety Clearing House). 2024. Major Statistics on Genetically Modified Organisms in 2023. [in Korean]

10

KSA (Korean Standards Association). 2001. KSI 3206: Multi-Element Analysis by Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopy. Korean Industrial Standards. [in Korean]

11

Lee SM, Park SY, Yeo YS, Cho HS, Kwon SJ, Oh SD, Oh SW, Kim JK, Park SK. 2015. The allergy assessments of insect-resistant Agb0101 rice. Journal of the Korean Society of International Agriculture 27:69-75. [in Korean]

12

Lee YM, Kang EJ, Sung SY, Kim SH, Ha BK, Kim DS, Kim JB, Kang SY. 2013. The effects of plant growth regulators on plant regeneration and direct shoots formation of petal explants of chrysanthemum flower color mutants varieties, ‘ARTI-purple’ and ‘ARTI-queen’. Korean Journal of Horticultural Science & Technology 31:359-365. [in Korean]

10.7235/hort.2013.12219
13

OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). 2004. Test No. 202: Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test. OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2.

10.1787/9789264069947-en
14

Oh SD, Jang YJ, Park SY, Suh SJ, Lee BK. 2020a. Characterization of hybrid soybean seeds between β-carotene enhanced transgenic soybean and wild soybean. Weed & Turfgrass Science 9:129-139. [in Korean]

10.5660/WTS.2020.9.2.129
15

Oh SD, Lee KJ, Park SY, Ryu TH, Suh SJ. 2014. Acute toxicity evaluation to Daphnia magna of disease resistant(OsCK1) rice. Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture 33:121-128. [in Korean]

10.5338/KJEA.2014.33.2.121
16

Oh SD, Min SK, Kim JK, Park JH, Kim CG, Park SY. 2020b. Evaluation of the acute toxicity of theoredoxin (TRX) transgenic soybean to Daphnia magna. Korean Journal of Agricultural Science 47:791-802. [in Korean]

10.7744/kjoas.20200066
17

Suh EJ, Hong JK, Lee YH, Kim DC. 2020. Overexpression of the Brassica rapa SRS7 gene in pot-type chrysanthemum [Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.] reduces plant height. Scientia Horticulturae 273:109634.

10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109634
18

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1985. Methods for Measuring the Acute Toxicity of Effluents to Freshwater and Marine Organisms (EPA/600/4-85/013).

19

Versteeg DJ, Stalmans MSD, Janssen C. 1997. Ceriodaphnia and Daphnia: A comparison of their sensitivity to xenobiotics and utility as a test species. Chemosphere 34:869-892.

10.1016/S0045-6535(97)00014-3
20

Yeom DH, Lee SK. 2006. Acute toxicity of four agrochemicals on Larval and Juvenile oriental weatherfish (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus). Journal of Environmental Toxicology 21:311-316.

Information
  • Publisher :Institute of Agricultural Science, Chungnam National University
  • Publisher(Ko) :충남대학교 농업과학연구소
  • Journal Title :Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
  • Journal Title(Ko) :농업과학연구
  • Volume : 52
  • No :3
  • Pages :257-266
  • Received Date : 2025-05-11
  • Revised Date : 2025-07-18
  • Accepted Date : 2025-07-31
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.7744/kjoas.520305
Journal Informaiton Korean Journal of Agricultural Science Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
Online Submission
  • NRF
  • KOFST
  • crossref funder-registry
  • KISTI Current Status
  • KISTI Cited-by
  • crosscheck
  • orcid
  • open access
  • ccl
Journal Informaiton Journal Informaiton - close